Example of Actual Freeze-Drying Data

The system models used in the experiments

Models used
(No. 1)

Freeze dryer
FDU-2110 +
Drying chamber
DRC-1000

Models used
(No. 2)

Freeze dryer
FDU-1110 +
Drying chamber
DRC-1100

Models used
(No. 3)

Freeze dryer
FDU-1110 +
Flask manifold
PMH-4

Freeze-drying process used in the experiments

The experiments are conducted according to the following procedures.

Pre-freezing

Pre-freezing stage to freeze the samples in advance. The samples are sufficiently frozen using a low-temperature bath, freezer, or dry ice. Generally, pre-freezing is performed at temperatures between -80°C and -30°C. This is a critical pretreatment step that determines the success or failure of the freeze-drying process.

Primary drying

Drying frozen samples under high vacuum. Sublimation begins at the sample surface and proceeds at the boundary with the dried layer inside. Sublimation occurs gradually over an extended period.

Secondary drying

Removing bound water as a finishing step. After primary drying, the sample is heated to approximately 30°C (depending on the sample) under high vacuum to enhance the drying process.

Examples of drying experiment data (Food sector)

Samples	Weight		Recovery rate	Shelf temperature		Models used
Samples	Before drying	After drying	Recovery rate	Primary drying	Secondary drying	Models used
Strawberry (20 pcs)	255.2g	25.6g	10.0%	-10℃	20℃	No. 1
Banana (3 pcs)	155.7g	38.3g	24.6%
Pineapple	479.4g	70.3g	14.7%
Mango (halved)	118.1g	18.3g	15.5%
Avocado (1 pc)	70.3g	22.5g	31.9%
Cherry tomatoes (20 pcs)	259.6g	21.4g	8.3%
Egg yolk (4 pcs)	74.8g	34.2g	45.8%
Egg white (4 pcs)	154.0g	18.1g	11.8%
Milk (180mL)	187.6g	25.8g	13.8%		15℃	No. 2
Bacon	123.3g	42.7g	34.6%		15℃	No. 2
Acerola juice	1600.6g	146.9g	9.2%	Room temperature (RT)		No. 3

Examples of drying experiment data (Pharmaceutical sector)

Samples	Weight		Recovery rate	Shelf temperature		Models used
Samples	Before drying	After drying	Recovery rate	Primary drying	Secondary drying	Models used
Amino acid mixture	333.9g	9.9g	3.0%	RT (20 to 23℃)		No. 3
5% sugar mixture	135.4g	112.4g	83.0% *1	-15℃	20℃	No. 2
Active pharmaceutical ingredients (Moisture content approx. 80%)	3982.6g	819.0g	20.6%	-10℃	15℃	No. 2
Liposomal lipids	1.98g	0.14g	7.07% *1	-20℃	5℃	No. 1
Pharmaceutical intermediates	247.3g	24.8g	10.0%	-10℃	15℃	No. 1

*1: Recovery rate values include the vessel mass.

Examples of drying experiment data (Industrial sector)

Samples	Weight		Recovery rate	Shelf temperature		Models used
Samples	Before drying	After drying	Recovery rate	Primary drying	Secondary drying	Models used
Ceramic, Glass	150.2g	56.9g	37.8%	RT (20 to 23℃)		No. 3
Silica fine particles	135.3g	36.4g	26.9%	RT (20 to 23℃)		No. 3
Aluminum oxide, Silicon dioxide, Slurry	508.5g	42.3g	8.3%	-10℃	20℃	No. 2
Ink	30.4g	11.4g	37.5% *1	-10℃	20℃	No. 1
Dielectric mixture slurry	289.7g	59.9g	20.7%	-10℃	20℃	No. 1
Ceramics	225.2g	10.4g	4.6%	-10℃	20℃	No. 2